Cybercrime, privacy and security concepts in the film WarGames Essay

Cybercrime, privacy and security concepts in the film WarGames - Essay Example Therefore, he takes his time to engage in cybercrimes and hacking of computer security codes in search of games to play (Bischoff, 1983). His hacking practice eventually leads him to a US supercomputer that is highly secured, due to the sensitive nature of the information it contains. This information is potentially dangerous and capable of causing world destruction through sparking World War III, which is a war of nuclear weapons. The super computer was programmed to launch missile attacks automatically, on the event of being ordered to start such an action, after the Air Force Strategic missile operatives were unwilling to turn on the button which could spark off the nuclear missile attacks (Franklin, 2008). Considering that none of the operatives wanted to be the cause of the devastating attack that could wipe out the whole world, a super computer had to be programmed, which could easily be turned into action by a simple computer operation procedure. Therefore, initially perceivin g the WOPR (War Operation Plan Response) program as another exciting game, David Lightman, (Broderick) embarks on a mission to unearth the backdoor password that can be used to hack into, and access the Supercomputer details (Bischoff, 1983). Being a computer whizz, and with the help of his friend who were also hackers, Broderick eventually manages to unearth the backdoor password and starts operating the computer program by running the nuclear war simulation, through his own computer (Franklin, 2008). Considering the threat posed by this computer operation, the simulation scares the whole security and military departments, since it almost causes a full blown World War III, which is a devastating war of nuclear missiles. This cyber crime and security intrusion into the US military department security systems is a form of black hat hacking. This is because, black hat hacking entails the process of violating and cracking computer security systems with malicious intentions of benefitin g oneself (Hanser, 2011). Broderick had been hacking other computer security systems previously, to gain access to computer games that he could play. In the process of searching for more interesting computer games, other than chess, poker and checkers which he had previously accessed, he embarked on searching for new games, which led him to the supercomputer, which seemed to possess a different nature of games than he had been used to (Bischoff, 1983). This practice of hacking into other computer security systems and accessing games to play, instead of purchasing such games from the manufacturers or retailers, is a selfish crime. Additionally, hacking into other security systems without the knowledge of the owners of the systems, regardless of the intentions an individual has, is malicious and damaging (Johnston, 2011). Therefore, this act of Broderick hacking and accessing the security systems of the US supercomputer and his continuation to simulate the war programs is a form of bl ack hat hacking, since it involves the violation of computer security and privacy laws (Subramanian, 2008). The fictional narration of this film falls under the following three categories: Cybercrime Cybercrime refers to any act of an individual to use computers or computer networks for crime. This can occur in the form of using the computer to commit crime or targeting other computers with some criminal intentions (Hanser, 2011).The film WarGames (1983), depicts both forms of crime. There is a crime of using computers to commit a violation of the acceptable computer privacy and security guidelines. Here, Broderick, who is a bright but highly unmotivated teenager, engages in the act of using

Planning Lessons and Assessment in Schools Essay

Planning Lessons and Assessment in Schools - Essay Example The teacher then introduced the lesson of the day by mentioning that it would be a buildup of the previous lesson. The lesson of that day involved learning how to balance basic chemistry equations. The teacher began by introducing basic, acidic, and neutral compound. He then gave basic examples of a base, acid, and a neutral compound. Interestingly, he had an example of each of the compounds in class. A lemon represented an acidic compound, ash represented basic compound whereas water represented a neutral compound. Students were asked to name other similar compounds and at least a quarter of the class responded with accurate results. The teacher then went ahead to demonstrate on the blackboard how to balance the equations. Once he gave five simple examples, he asked the students to volunteer to go to the board and balance an equation. Each student who was able to balance the equations was given an orange. It was interesting to note the profound interest in which the students were re sponding to learning. The interest was actually boosted by the gifts for the students who got the equations correct. Near the end of the lesson, the teacher divided the class into four groups of five students each. He then requested the students to discuss what they had learned in class concerning balancing of equations as well as further examples of each compound. Each group was required to come up with three examples of each compound as well as three examples of balanced equations. The teacher collected the results and told them that the results would be discussed in the next lesson. Lesson planning is one of the fundamental aspect of any teacher. This is because the structure of the lesson determines the effectiveness of the learning process. When making such a plan, it is imperative for the teacher to understand the lesson objectives and most importantly, the strengths and weaknesses of the students. This way, it will be possible to articulate the lesson to benefit the students maximally. It is also important to understand each student so that the needs of every student can be incorporated in the lesson plan (Satterly, 1989). However, it is particularly necessary to classify the student depending on their learning abilities. This is because the bright students are more often than not sidelined in the learning process at the expense of the slow learners. For example, I realized that the teacher was concentrating more on the slow learners in the hope that they will catch up with the rest of the class. Assessment in Schools   A lesson is not complete with the full assessment of the realization of the objectives of the lesson. During the lesson, I noted that the teacher used various teaching and assessments methods. Most importantly, she ensured that the assessment activities are explicitly related to the stated learning objectives. Once the students had completed the given assessment activity, she took some time to reflect upon the results. When the learnin g objectives were not adequately achieved, the teacher revisited the lesson in a different manner. This allowed those students who had not comprehended adequately to gain more understanding of the topic discussed. In order to achieve this, the teacher used various assessment methods. One of them was quizzes. The teacher ordered the pupils to close their books and asked them some questions on what she had taught that day. Most pupils who had

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay Native American tribes from far west coast all the way to the east coast experienced life differently due to conditions of the land. How did the geographical location of tribes affect the life styles of the Native Americans? There were hundreds of tribes and each was unique in a variety of ways from clothing and language; to hunting and gathering resources. Native Americans living in the middle of the United States may have had the best rate, due to the vast land, weather conditions, and food resources. When most Americans think of Indians they refer to the people of the Great Plains; hunting buffalo, war attire, and teepees are commonly what they think of. The tribes of the Great Plains were large in numbers. The reason that this area of tribes is so well recognized is that they were able to maintain life longer then any other areas of Native Americans. One tribe from the Great Plains was the Comanche Indians. The Comanche were a strong group of Indians after obtaining horses in the late 1600s. Horses gave them an advantage in taking over larger areas of land all the way from southwestern Kansas, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, Texas, southeastern Colorado, and northern Mexico. The life style of the Comanche people was based on one thing†¦ the horse. The Comanche people would not have been as successful without this animal. They would breed and maintain huge herds of horses, and then would trade them to the native people of the northern plains. They also tracked the wild mustang herds that roamed the areas. The children of the tribes would obtain a horse of there own at the age of four or five, they would train it and then would become successful hunters. The women of the tribes would sometimes hunt antelope with the men. The young men of the tribes used the horses for war as well as hunting buffalo. The men became such good riders that they could hang off the side of their horse in battle and shoot arrows under the neck of the horse, using the horse as a shield. Another major part of the life for the Great Plains Native Americans was war. The Comanche people killed more non Indian people then any other tribe. By 1840 the Comanches had allied themselves with several other tribes; Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. When Mexico became independent in 1821 and Texas fell into the rules set by Mexico, which did not go over well for a lot of the people coming to Texas, the Comanche people were killing most of the travelers. They were also attacking anyone tha t was traveling on the Santa Fe Trail. The most famous battle involving the Comanches was the battle of the Alamo. The Comanche tribe consisted of many different smaller tribes. These bands were considered one because they spoke the same language. It was believed that the Comanche were part of the Shoshone tribe originally. A similarity in language is why people believe that these two may have branched apart. The Shoshone tribe along with many other tribes covered the Great Plains stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River and from Central Texas all the way up to Alberta, Canada. These people lived on wild game from large animals to small, mostly living on buffalo. The people would use almost every part of this animal from the hide to the bones and everything in between. It is thought that before the 1500s the only two non farming tribes were the Blackfoot and Comanche tribes. Even though the tribes of the plains were very successful using the land other tribes in different regions were not so fortunate. The land territory used by the Northwest Native Americans is not large. It is about 2,000 miles in length and only about 150 mile wide. However, the vast area of water they inhabited by was very useful to them in their survival. A majority of the Northwest is made up of islands and large mountain ranges. With the chain of islands to the west and the mountains to the east, the Native Americans would live on the edge of the oceans. This protected them from a lot of the elements such as ocean storms, the abundance of rain, and the cold conditions that would come during the winter months. Due to the amount of water that would come upon this region the trees and vegetation were plentiful. The huge trees that grew in this area were used for many things within the tribes. The Nootka tribe located in the Vancouver Island area, used the huge trees to make many item s like totem poles, their living courts, and at least six different styles of canoes. Canoes were the mood of means for the people of the Northwest coast line. A vast majority of the hunting was done by water, however, some game animals were hunted in the winter months due to the harsh conditions of the Northwest coast. Whale hunting provided the Nootka tribe with a lot of great materials like oil, bones for tools, baleen for trapping, and of course plenty of meat. The Nootka tribe was the only tribe to hunt whales because of there size. The leader of the canoe would have been given this position from his father, and he would harpoon the whale first, he would also receive the first piece of the whale when it was returned to shore to be rationed out between the others. Fish trades between the whites were often, and if the Nootka were ever crossed by the whites they would kill them with no hesitations. The buildings constructed by the Nootka tribe were amazing in there size, some time s being 100 feet in length and 40 feet in width. There were built with large planks of cedar and each plank was removable. The homes were inhabited by several families of the tribe. The leader of the home would sleep in the rear right corner of the home, and the next of kin would inhabit the left rear corner of the home. The front of the home nearest to the door would be stocked with supplies. Outside the front doors of the homes would be large totem polls carved into them would be faces of animals. The faces were chosen by the shaman or people in secret societies. Since these people lived on the coastal shores they came in to contact with white man sooner then others. Another costal tribe that came in contact with non Native Americans was the Cherokees, located on the Southeast coast. In 1540 Spanish explorers crossed into the Cherokee territory. Then French and English traders from the north and east started to appear making trade prominent for the Southeast Indians. The Cherokees were allies with the British in the French and Indian War. The Cherokee helped the British in the conflicts that took place, but only supported them for five of the seven years, after a dispute over a group of wild horses and scalps that had been claimed for bounty. For 2 years the British were in a war with the Cherokee Indians. The Cherokee finally surrendered, they were required to release a huge piece of land that was next to British settlements. After many difficult periods, the Cherokee knew that they were experienced in agriculture and rebuilt their lives based on this fundamental skill. The tribes of the Southeast were able to grow massive crops due to the land conditions. This also benefited them, because large crops meant sizable communities. They grew many of the foods that are familiar with Thanksgiving dinners; corn, sweet potatoes, squash, and beans. The tribes of the Southeast did not move often so there homes were constructed were of two shapes, mostly poles tied with vines and covered in mud or animal hide. They hunted and fished every species of animal that inhabited the area. The Cherokee were the only tribe of the Southeast that spoke the language of Iroquoian. The Cherokee tribe watched and learned from the Americans for years, which is why they are so similar to the Americans. The Cherokee even established a government like the United States. Unfortunately neither they nor any other tribe of the Southeast were treated like Americans, an Indian Removal Act was put into place and the American settlers began taking over the Indians lands forcing them west of the rivers. The Trail of tears is one of the worse events in history fo r the Native American Indians. The event was when soldiers forced the natives to move west while the settlers over took their land. Many Indians died on the travel west due to starvation, disease, and weather conditions. It would be countless years later before the Native people would see any reconciliation for what the lands and treatment that they endured. All in all, I have found that Native Americans were equals in the struggles that they faced. Each region faced different challenges with weather, but all were able to adapt to those conditions. Just like American today, languages are slightly different from the Far East to the Great West and everywhere in between. The clothing these tribes wore was similar in many ways, because a large majority of their clothing was made from animal hide. Hides were also used in the making of the lodging that the natives inhabited. Many Native American Indians still have land conservations and continue to live as they did in the early years of American civilization though it will never be as it once was for these people.

Runnin Down Some Lines: Book Review :: essays research papers

Deprived of opportunities for advancement in mainstream society, [black ghetto] teenagers elevate their personal style into a philosophy of life. Their exemplars are pimps and gangsters.... Gangs develop to bolster self-identity through psychological control of the streets; hip "threads" and "freaked out" cars also serve as outward signs of inner creativity. Both sexes consider coitus ("doin' the do") a natural and desirable part of adolescence; soft drugs, primarily marijuana ("tea"), also offer a temporary alternative to the harsh reality of ghetto existence. But embracing all of these is the vernacular itself - in its grace, flexibility, and strength it is a valuable tool for "gettin' down," for "blowin' fire," ultimately for staying alive... (Anderson 1981:233-234). Edith A Folb is a white woman who threw herself into the depths of one of America's most notorious ghettos for nearly nine years of fieldwork on the language and culture of African-American teenagers. She left the University of California, Los Angeles in 1964, midway through an increasingly dissatisfying Ph.D. program, to involve herself in a variety of community-based activities in the hopes of determining the future course of her life. After two years of working amongst the predominantly black inhabitants of South Central Los Angeles, Folb returned to school with a better subject of focus for her studies. She had found her calling in the last place most people would think to look; in the heart of the ghetto. "So, in 1967, [she] began the systematic study of black teenage vernacular vocabulary" (Folb 1980:viii). In 1980, Edith A. Folb's first book, runnin' down some lines: the language and culture of black teenagers, was published. The book is based on her extensive first-hand research on the teens of South Central. She spent over eight years operating within the community, interviewing many teens and conversing less formerly with countless others. Folb feels that these youths are representative of an aspect of American society both disregarded and misunderstood by the white majority. She even goes as far as to refer to the ghetto as a "country" of its own within the boundaries of the United States (Folb 1980:2). Her goal is to shed some light on the otherwise dark subject of inner city culture. Folb believes that the manner in which the teens of South Central speak may "tell those who would listen what it means to be young and black and live in a ghetto community" (Folb 1980:4).

Looking Paper

In The Countess Von Schonfeld with Her Daughter, Elisabeth Louise Vigee- Lebrun used size and placement to emphasize the figures of the mother and the young daughter. Elisabeth set the pair in the foreground, and she posed them so that their visual weights combined to form a single mass, the largest form in the painting. Strongly contrasting values of light skin against a pale background add further emphasis. Within this emphasis area, Elizabeth uses color of sight to create a focal point on the little girls white dress and the mothers dress.Elisabeth has subordinated the background so that it does not interfere, blurring the detail and working in a narrow range of light values. The painting is oil on canvas art piece painted in 1973. It is a painting of a women holding her daughter on her lap, the women being â€Å"The Grafin von Schonfeld. † The woman is dressed in this beautiful red dress from the upper class or a royalty stature in the late 1700’s. The clothing look s rich green with red.She has a covering on her head that looks like an extravagant scarf that drapes over her shoulder on one side, also made of the dame silky material used for her dress. The woman has pale skin, reddish brown hair, bluish eyes, and rosy cheeks. Her eyes look very real and penetrating when you examine the painting. The daughter is about the age of 5 or 6 years old. Her arms are around her mother’s neck and legs draped across her mother’s lap.The daughter is wearing a white fluid dress that looks thin in material with red sash around her midsection. The daughter has the same reddish brown hair and rosy cheeks. The mothers and daughters eyes are equally as big n size, while the child’s eyes seem also very real and youthful. The women and daughter are sitting on a bench of some sort on a ledge of a window open. Outside the window there is landscaping of mountains, trees and stormy sky. The sky is rich with high value of grays including the whites of the clouds.

Belbin’s Theory Essay

When a team is performing at its best, usually each team member has clear responsibilities . Belbin suggests that, by understanding the role within a particular team, people can develop strengths and manage weaknesses as a team member. Belbin’s 1981 book Management Teams presented conclusions from his work studying how members of teams interacted during business games run at Henley Management College. Amongst his key conclusions was the proposition that an effective team has members that cover eight (later nine) key roles in managing the team and how it carries out its work. He categorized those roles into three groups: Action Oriented, People Oriented, and Thought Oriented. Each team role is associated with typical behavioural and interpersonal strengths. Belbin also defined characteristic weaknesses that tend to accompany each team role. He called the characteristic weaknesses of team-roles the ‘allowable’ weaknesses; as for any behavioural weakness, these are a reas to be aware of and potentially improve. Belbin suggested that, in order for a team to operate effectively, it needed a balance of nine different roles. Plant: Plants are creative, unorthodox and generators of ideas. If an innovative solution to a problem is needed, a Plant is a good person to ask. A good Plant will be bright and free-thinking. Plants can tend to ignore incidentals and refrain from getting bogged down in detail. The Plant bears a strong resemblance to the popular caricature of the absent-minded professor/inventor, and often has a hard time communicating ideas to others. Multiple Plants in a team can lead to misunderstandings, as many ideas are generated without sufficient discernment or the impetus to follow the ideas through to action. Resource Investigator: The Resource Investigator gives a team a rush of enthusiasm at the start of the project by vigorously pursuing contacts and opportunities. He or she is focused outside the team, and has a finger firmly on the pulse of the outside world. Where a Plant c reates new ideas, a Resource Investigator will quite happily appropriate them from other companies or people. A good Resource Investigator is a maker of possibilities and an excellent networker, but has a tendency to lose momentum towards the end of a project and to forget small details. Chairman (1981) / Co-ordinator (1988): The â€Å"Chairman/Co-ordinator† ensures that all members  of the team are able to contribute to discussions and decisions of the team. Their concern is for fairness and equity among team members. Those who want to make decisions quickly, or unilaterally, may feel frustrated by their insistence on consulting with all members, but this can often improve the quality of decisions made by the team. Clarifies goals; helps allocate roles, responsibilities, and duties; articulates group conclusions Shaper: A dynamic team-member who loves a challenge and thrives on pressure. This member possesses the drive and courage required to overcome obstacles. Seeks patterns in group work; pushes group toward agreement and decisions; challenges others Monitor-Evaluator: A sober, strategic and discerning member, who tries to see all options and judge accurately. This member contributes a measured and dispassionate analysis and, through objectivity, stops the team committing itself to a misguided task. Analyzes problems and complex issues; monitors progress and prevents mistakes; assesses the contributions of others; sees all options; judges accurately Team Worker: The â€Å"Team Worker† is concerned to ensure that interpersonal relationships within the team are maintained. They are sensitive to atmospheres and may be the first to approach another team member who feels slighted, excluded or otherwise attacked but has not expressed their discomfort. The Team Worker’s concern with people factors can frustrate those who are keen to move quickly, but their skills ensure long-term cohesion within the team. Gives personal support and help to others; socially oriented and sensitive to others; resolves conflicts; calms the waters; serves as an in-group diplomat Company Worker (1981) / Implementer (1988): The â€Å"Implementer† is the practical thinker who can create systems and processes that will produce what the team wants. Taking a problem and working out how it can be practically addressed is their strength. Being strongly rooted in the real world, they may frustrate other team members by their perceived lack of enthusiasm for inspiring visions and radical thinking, but their ability to turn those radical ideas into workable solutions is important. Completer Finisher: The â€Å"Completer Finisher† is the detail person within the team. They have a great eye for spotting flaws and gaps and for knowing exactly where the team is in relation to its schedule. Team members who have less preference for detail work may be frustrated by their analytical and meticulous approach, but the work of the Completer Finisher ensures the  quality and timeliness of the output of the team. Emphasizes the need for meeting schedules, deadlines, and completing tasks; searches out errors Specialist (1988): Belbin later added a ninth role, the â€Å"Specialist†, who brings ‘specialist’ knowledge to the team. Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated; provides unique or rare expertise and skills Specialists are passionate about learning in their own particular field. As a result, they are likely to be a fountain of knowledge and will enjoy imparting this knowledge to others. They also strive to improve and build upon their expertise. If there is anything they do not know the answer to, they will happily go and find out. Specialists bring a high level of concentration, ability, and skill in their discipline to the team, but can only contribute on that specialism and will tend to be uninterested in anything which lies outside its narrow confines. Note that Belbin was not arguing that every team has to have a minimum of nine members. Individuals within the team may take on more than one role each. As long as all the roles are filled, the team will be more likely to be effective.

The Mystery of Chinese Culture Behind the Walls of White

The Mystery of Chinese Culture Behind the Walls of White Living in houses, we fill our rooms with the specific atmosphere that is characteristic only for our inner self. The interior design mirrors our thoughts and ideas, telling the guests much more than the host would like to tell them. Because of the peculiarities of the Chinese culture, the room of a Chinese teenager can offer much more food for thoughts than a museum excursion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mystery of Chinese Culture: Behind the Walls of White specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking a closer look at the way the girl has designed the interior of her room, one can see the peculiarities of the Chinese culture mixed with the girl’s tastes to produce a stunning and unusual effect. Because of the mixture of Chinese and Japanese which the room represents, the interior provides sufficient food for thoughts concerning the cultures fusion and the way it is represented in the Chinese room interior. You Name It! The Denotative Analysis Because of the fact that the room under the analysis belongs to a teenage Chinese girl, it is quite peculiar to see the way the Chinese wisdom and religious traditions are intertwined with the teenager’s tastes and preferences. Analyzing the denotation of the room design, one must mention that the spirit of Chinese traditions and beliefs still can be traced here, despite the influence of the modern ideas and trends which is evident in the style of the room decoration and the objects that the girl has used to furnish the room. Defining the purpose of the objects in the room, one has to mention that most of them are designed to create the specific atmosphere of belonging to certain teenage culture, namely, Japanese anime. Therefore, many objects are used only for decoration of the room, whereas there are only few which serve certain purpose. Among them, there are the objects that are most necessary for a teenage girl, that is, the bed, a s mall table, a lamp on it, a couple of chairs and a writing table with a computer on it. The functionality of the objects is quite obvious, it must be admitted. The way the room is furnished reflects the traditional idea of the Chinese minimalism with the inevitable speck of chic about the details of the interior. It cannot be denied that the Chinese longing for the refined atmosphere is fully represented in this small room; even the rugs on the floor possess the gleam of silk. Combined with the traditional minimalism, the furnishing of the house provides the traditional impression that Crouch was talking about: â€Å"This holistic approach cam be analyzed in terms of functional needs, technology and aesthetics† (240).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another feature of the room is the big windows with rather light curtains that move with each slight blow of the w ind. Creating an impression of spaciousness and freshness, the big windows are traditional for the southern part of China, as Crouch marks (240), which is a mark of what part of China exactly the girl comes from. Therefore, the functionality of the room cannot be denied. Yet on the other hand, one has to admit that the premises are overstuffed with a plethora of decorative items that do not have certain purpose and are used rather as the lucky charms or the elements of the girl’s culture. Looking through the Prism of Chinese Culture: The Connotative Analysis Requiring a deep insight into the fusion of the Chinese and the Japanese cultures, the connotative analysis of the girl’s room will offer an exciting trip to the world of Japanese anime and Chinese myths. As Moore marked it, â€Å"Inferences about a variety of characteristics of the interior of the home and the residents reflected the actual characteristics† (169). Therefore, a connotative analysis of the gi rl’s room can be the key to her character as well. What strikes most about the room is quite unusual combination of the blue and orange colors in the interior. Ranging from the light-blue tint of the wallpaper up to the deep-blue color of the blanket on the bed, the marine palette allows to suggest that the girl wants to fill her room with the air of happiness, love and coziness. According to what Webster says, Orange symbolizes fertility, love, luxury and comfort. In China and Japan, orange symbolizes love and happiness. Oranges are eaten on the second day of the Chinese New Year to attract good luck in the coming year (Webster 34). Adding the blue palette to the room design seems quite wise step, since the shades of blue balance the bright and buoyant orange palette. In addition, the blue color intensifies the skills to think and meditate, which is also extremely important for the Chinese vision of the world. Webster emphasizes that the blue color â€Å"symbolizes love, si ncerity, honesty and hope. It also relates to purity, eternity, devotion and spirituality† (Webster 34). Thus, it has to be admitted that the color cats has extremely important significance for the room and the atmosphere in it. Creating the air of love and devotion mixed with spirituality and purity, the girl has managed to design a room that fits her of dreams and desires. Combining the elements that might have seemed incompatible to a stranger, she created the vision of a world that she would like to live in.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mystery of Chinese Culture: Behind the Walls of White specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking a closer look at the elements of dà ©cor, which the girl has used to bring certain element of individuality in her room, one can claim with certainty that the Japanese anime has had its impact on her. As one takes a closer look at the elements of decoration and the overall atmosphere of the room, it becomes clear that the place possesses the typical features of the Japanese anime. Take a look at the way in which the idea of magic is interpreted in the room design: the shapes o the chairs and the table, the numerous lucky charms and knick-knacks remind of the fairy-tales about wizards and magic. Portraying a typical â€Å"magic girl† from a Japanese comic strip, these elements contribute to the overall image of the room and its owner. This room reflects the idea of the magical girl that Drazen was speaking about: Her powers include a magic pen that allows her to transform into an adolescent version of herself – an older Minky Momo who can do anything perfectly, which is surely the wish of any child who has been told, â€Å"You’re too young.† (Drazen 43). Indeed, the mirror framed with the magic-like patterns, the traditional sharp shapes of the Japanese anime and other â€Å"magical† elements can be found everywhere in the room. The entire place looks like a trip to a fairy-tale. Conclusion With help of the peculiar design and several essential details a nameless room turned into the place where a teenage Chinese dreamer lives. Combining the incompatible, the girl created a unique place that is the reflection of her inimitable self. This charming room is a perfect example of how cultural background mixed with taste preferences and the hobby can add the room an incredible flavor of authenticity. Crouch, Christopher. Contemporary Chinese Visual Culture: Tradition, Modernity, and Globalization. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drazden, Patric. Anime Explosion! The What? Why? Wow! of Japanese Animation. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2003. Print. Moore, Gary T., and Robert W. Marans. Towards the Integration of Theory, Methods, Research, and Utilization. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springler, 1997. Print. Webster, Richard. The Complete Book of Auras: Learn to See, Read, Strengthen and Heal Auras. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide, 2010. Print.

Proposal for The Corporate Governece

Proposal for The Corporate Governece MSc Dissertation Proposal on:Gender diversity and board-level governance impact on the agency cost and firm performanceStatement of proposed aims, points of interests and importance of outcomes.On the increment of a firm to a threshold, a common phenomenon is observed that for many years professional bodies have been seeking for an effective way of measure for the following factors: Firm Governance, Effectiveness of Agency Costs, Firm Performance and value in order to maintain the organisation is a logical order. However, from the reviewed related articles and self knowledge that there are many proposed ways of measure of above stated factors and most importantly, they seem to act on an individual basis with attached conditions in certain extent. Therefore, by consulting with the official released literatures the brief of proposed aims of this dissertation is set as follows to discuss and merge the findings from existing professional bodies to form a compact and comprehensive method( s) in reference to firm's Governance, Agency Cost, Performance and Firm Value:Initially, the measure of NED independent level is discussed and to conclude if better or higher independent level is preferred within this context. How the independent level of the NED can reduce the Agency Cost(s) and to increase the Firm Value.Within range of independence level, two further discussions are attached in terms of Women and Social Network. The analysis is carried out by comparing women's social network with men's to investigate whether women are more independent than men.Attendance behaviours of individual directors and the committee assignment are measured to verify if the independent of a director is associated with good governance such that high attendance is strongly associated with my " independent " measure or to form the relationship in between.Cash flow and divided payment are also used at a...

Black Men And Public Spaces Essay Research

Black Men And Public Spaces Essay, Research Paper Today, when a black individual walks around at dark, they are automatically thought of as being a trouble maker. Peoples will frequently make everything possible to avoid a black individual, be it walk on the other side of the street or traverse a street at a different country. Black Men and Public Space, by Brent Staples, demonstrates merely what truly happens to a black individual when he/she is walking about at dark, or even during the center of the twenty-four hours. Staples uses personal experiences and narratives he heard about other black work forces to turn out his point. He leads off with an illustration of a adult female who was walking down a street in Chicago and Staples was walking down the same street behind her. He noticed that she kept picking up her gait of walking, finally making a slow running gait. Within seconds, she disappeared from his sight, all because he was a black adult male walking down a street at dark. It was because of this one experience that he learns of his ability to change public infinite in ugly ways. Staples describes himself as a softie who is barely able to take a knife to a natural poulet, allow entirely keep one to a individual s pharynx. Many black people today, who are merely like Staples, are mistaken for muggers, rapers, and liquidators. He realized that being perceived as unsafe is a jeopardy in itself. All he needed to make was to turn a corner into a bad state of affairs, or herd some scared, armed individual, or do an errant move at a constabulary officer, and he could weave up injury or even dead. He so moved to Brooklyn, and it is the same here as it was in Chicago. Women will non look at him when he passes by, they have their bags cleaving against their organic structures, and they forge in front as though they are playing football and are being tackled. He understands why adult females act this manner towards him. Womans are peculiarly susceptible to force and immature black work forces are the representatives of these pe rpetrators. He attributes his non-violent attitude to his childhood. In the vicinity that he grew up in, he was barely noticeable against a background of pack warfare, street knifings, and slayings. He was one of the good male childs, and he had to endure as if he was one of the bad 1s. I saw infinite tough cats locked off ; I have since buried several excessively ( Staples 153 ) . He has seen a adolescent cousin, a brother, and a friend all lowered into the land. Due to all of this, he chose to stay a shadow-timid, but a subsister. Other illustrations Staples utilizations to demo his ability to change public infinite are when he was mistaken for a burglar in his ain office. The director called the constabulary and the lone manner Staples could turn out that he in fact did work at that place was to happen person who knew him. Another clip he was killing clip before and interview and decided to travel into a jewellery shop. The proprietor excused herself, and so returned with a large Doberman pinscher ready to assail. He took a intimation, and left the shop. He besides describes a narrative he heard about another black journalist who was mistaken for the liquidator in a narrative he was covering. What is this universe coming to when a black journalist can non cover a narrative without being under intuition that he is a suspect, all because of his race? Equally chilling as this may sound, it is the truth. Be it in a large metropolis or one the size of Williamsport, these sorts of things happen. One could set this theory to the trial. Just base on a pavement for an hr or two on a busy dark, and number how many people will change their way in order to avoid contact with a black individual. One could reason that black people have the same rights as Whites do today. Yes, the fundamental law says so, but what about the right to walk down a street and non be thought of as being a liquidator or raper? Yes, black people and white people are purportedly treated every bit, but inkinesss today do non hold all the same rights as Whites do.

As You Like It by Shakespeare is a still comedy, because Jaques is Essay

As You Like It by Shakespeare is a still comedy, because Jaques is intended as a tool to represent relativity of values - Essay Example In this regard Shakespeare, Evans & Tobin comments substantiating the role of Jacques, â€Å"Throughout â€Å"As You Like It† Jacques has functioned less as the representative of a valid point of view than as a measure of the essential sanity and balance of [the] characters† (42). Simply the presence of Jacques in the novel is melancholic, as the comic trait of the play requires him to be in such a manner to represent the relativity of values. It is remarkable that â€Å"Melancholy Jacques† is schemed as an observant to view the new world in the Arden Forest. He is the only cynic in the Arden Forest, whereas all other characters are happy and joyful. He spends most of his time grudging against the hostility of life. Rather it seems that Jacques is more comfortable with the cynic views that put the joyous environment with the people around him into direct contrast with his depression and also his â€Å"miserable world† (Shakespeare Act 2 sc 7). His depression emerges not only from the futility of human life but also from the feebleness and the evilness of human nature. Jacques carefully keeps himself out of the happy group in the Forest of Arden. Anyway, the reason of Jacques’ bitterness is not mentioned explicitly. As his functions appear to be the sharp foil to the jubilance of other characters, â€Å"inside the happy fantasyland of Arden, Jacques is a constant reminder that in the real world time i s not suspended, and grief, sorrow and death provide a counterpoint to all human joys† (Study-world). Throughout the whole play, the significance of Jacques’s role is so weighty that he alone has been manipulated to work out the thematic joyous environment around other characters as a foil to their jubilation. He provides the audience the perfect lookout to perceive life as â€Å"strange eventful history† (Shakespeare Act II Sc VII). Though the terms, â€Å"pessimism† â€Å"cynicism† suitably fit the character of Jacques,

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Research - Essay Example The commercial success of giant multinational companies such as Apple and Samsung creates significant spill over effects in the international economic system. These effects are created in the form of increased employability, augmented consumers utility, greater innovation and better standard of living (New Page Publishers, 2010). This business research primarily aims to analyze the most important factors determining the consumers purchasing intensions in the global electronics industry (Georgi and Mink, 2012). It should be noted that positive purchasing perceptions of the buyers within an industry is directly proportional to the efficiency of the marketing activities conducted by each company (Bray, 2010). It is highly rational to conduct this research because it aims to first implicitly analyze the marketing strategies and business performances of Apple and Samsung. The research work will also conduct an empirical survey analysis about the consumer’s perceptions regarding the products and services of the two companies. At the end by combining the two research results, the paper will enumerate certain recommendations through which the two companies would be able to enhance its business perforce in the long run. Long run growth of such giant multinational companies would imply progress of the global economy. Apple Inc. is a popular multinational company founded in 1976. The headquarters of the organization is located in Cupertino, California but it conducts business in almost all the prominent economies of the world (Apple Inc., 2012). Computer hardware, computer electronics, digital distribution and computer software are some popular products and services traded by Apple Inc. It is believed by the researchers that Apple Inc. has achieved multiplicative growth in business since its inception with the active contribution of its

Wireless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless - Essay Example On the go transmission and communication has been made possible through the wireless technology. Highways, mountains, rural parts, deserts, airways, all have been able to communicate and enable communication with the static part of the world through the wireless system networks. Another advantage of wireless system is its support, ranging from small scale setup to medium and larger scale networks. All these come in the form of WAN,MAN and LAN technology systems. None of these would be possible without the wireless communication presence. The concept of wi fi and elimination on reliance over the wired systems and modems has been made possible through the wireless systems. The wireless systems have enabled the establishment of ad hoc networks. Ad hoc network is established on temporary basis which may not need the extensive establishment of the support system with regard to all the other essential components that are otherwise required in a wired interface. While the wireless network provides an array of advantages and support functions, it has the negative side to it as well. The fact that noise and attenuation is part of any other wireless network makes up for the negative aspect of this system (J.S.Chitode, 2008, 15). The long distance communication is subject to distortion and would require installation of repeaters and amplifiers in order to enhance the quality of the signal and data that is being sent across the medium. The possibility of hacking and breaking into the system is more likely in the wireless system network as compared to the wired systems. The frequency crossing and interference is an associated concept which may come along as a gift of the wireless medium system. The remedies against the aforementioned negatives and weaknesses of the wireless network can be overcome through the installation of the firewalls, allowing larger spectrums to operate in and beefing up security measures such as a

Public and Private Censorship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public and Private Censorship - Term Paper Example Rather, it is much more reasonable to assume that profit and market dominance will be the driving force. This brief editorial will seek to analyze the ways in which the media has recently come to be dominated by just a handful of players, what this means for journalistic integrity, and how this bodes for the future of democracy within the United States. Regardless of the individual branding that greets the reader, listener or viewer of the particular media outlet in question, the fact remains that Viacom, NBC Universal, Walt Disney, CBS Corporation, News Corp, and Time Warner ultimately are the owner and/or the fiduciary agent behind whatever firm is being represented (Taylor 1). Whereas just 20-30 years ago, the field of media firms could not be described without tracing a complicated tree of ownership back to about 40 distinct and separate firms, the field has been progressively narrowed as a mass of mergers have taken place. Just as with the banking industry, these mergers have co nsolidated power within the hands of but a few ultra-dominant market forces which have the power to mold and shape the way that Americans view the world and what particular items of interest are presented to them in any given instance. As such, the level of journalistic integrity that comes to be displayed is highly suspect as the goal and point of the controlling interests is to display their own point of view, gain further profit margins, and provide a powerful form of competition to their rivals. As can be noted from the direction that the news media has shifted within the past few years, the main drive is focused on sensationalism, high definition graphics, and other somewhat â€Å"cheap† ways of integrating with the audience (Morris 1). This can be seen as a means of compensation for the lack of journalistic expertise and excellence within the field. As a function of the fact that stories are not researched and fact-checked anywhere near the level that they used to be du ring the heyday of American journalism, poor quality and a litany of misprints and outright false information have been foisted upon the viewer, reader, and/or listener. Naturally, such a concentration of media power begs the question of to what degree the journalism is consumed is tainted by a high level of propaganda. One need look no further than the recent raucous with regards to the New York Times and the way that government â€Å"gatekeepers† give the final clearance for each and every quote that is attributed within the paper to understand the level to which a â€Å"free and impartial† media is merely a figment of the imagination. The scandal in question began when the Romney and Obama campaigns had ultimate access to the newspaper’s publications before they went to the presses (Michelson 1). The reason that these â€Å"handlers† were allowed to review the news before the rest of society did was given to ensure that the campaigns stayed â€Å"on m essage†. However, as the reader can quickly infer, the message that is being presented is only a doctored view of reality and is likely oftentimes not the truth that would otherwise be presented.  

Economic reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic reports - Essay Example According to Kroenig (2015), while exploring the subject, argues that in 2021, China will have overtaken the United States as the world’s largest economy. What is more intriguing is the proposition that the military power which is another important factor when it comes to the issue world supremacy, will follow the economic heft. China will therefore be the strongest country both in terms of military and economy. China boasts having the most spoken language on earth. This has been used to create cohesion and encourage economic growth. However, the author uses a different approach to address the subject by focusing on the domestic political institutions. According to Machiavelli, cities expand when everyone stops focusing on the particular good of the activities that are being undertaken. Therefore, the notion that the governments that have representative forms of rule are the ones that can steer fast growth is misguided. The idea of Machiavelli can only be achieved in republic s such as China. The idea of China’s rapid economic growth has also been boosted by the view of social scientists who claim that autocracies do not experience smooth economic runs compared to democracies. On top of that, democracies are in a position to access international capital markets and also form strong and reliable alliances that are key in boosting the economy. Therefore basing the argument on that, it is true to say that China has had a smooth economic growth and considering that other super powers seem to have exploited all their efforts and stagnated, it could be the next super power. Democracies are also known to enjoy a built in advantage when it comes to the struggle for global mastery. On a head to head analysis between China and the already stable economies such as the UK and US, one can note that at the time when the latter enjoyed a smooth economic growth, they were experiencing or were having great democracies. A

Wireless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless - Essay Example On the go transmission and communication has been made possible through the wireless technology. Highways, mountains, rural parts, deserts, airways, all have been able to communicate and enable communication with the static part of the world through the wireless system networks. Another advantage of wireless system is its support, ranging from small scale setup to medium and larger scale networks. All these come in the form of WAN,MAN and LAN technology systems. None of these would be possible without the wireless communication presence. The concept of wi fi and elimination on reliance over the wired systems and modems has been made possible through the wireless systems. The wireless systems have enabled the establishment of ad hoc networks. Ad hoc network is established on temporary basis which may not need the extensive establishment of the support system with regard to all the other essential components that are otherwise required in a wired interface. While the wireless network provides an array of advantages and support functions, it has the negative side to it as well. The fact that noise and attenuation is part of any other wireless network makes up for the negative aspect of this system (J.S.Chitode, 2008, 15). The long distance communication is subject to distortion and would require installation of repeaters and amplifiers in order to enhance the quality of the signal and data that is being sent across the medium. The possibility of hacking and breaking into the system is more likely in the wireless system network as compared to the wired systems. The frequency crossing and interference is an associated concept which may come along as a gift of the wireless medium system. The remedies against the aforementioned negatives and weaknesses of the wireless network can be overcome through the installation of the firewalls, allowing larger spectrums to operate in and beefing up security measures such as a

Economic reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic reports - Essay Example According to Kroenig (2015), while exploring the subject, argues that in 2021, China will have overtaken the United States as the world’s largest economy. What is more intriguing is the proposition that the military power which is another important factor when it comes to the issue world supremacy, will follow the economic heft. China will therefore be the strongest country both in terms of military and economy. China boasts having the most spoken language on earth. This has been used to create cohesion and encourage economic growth. However, the author uses a different approach to address the subject by focusing on the domestic political institutions. According to Machiavelli, cities expand when everyone stops focusing on the particular good of the activities that are being undertaken. Therefore, the notion that the governments that have representative forms of rule are the ones that can steer fast growth is misguided. The idea of Machiavelli can only be achieved in republic s such as China. The idea of China’s rapid economic growth has also been boosted by the view of social scientists who claim that autocracies do not experience smooth economic runs compared to democracies. On top of that, democracies are in a position to access international capital markets and also form strong and reliable alliances that are key in boosting the economy. Therefore basing the argument on that, it is true to say that China has had a smooth economic growth and considering that other super powers seem to have exploited all their efforts and stagnated, it could be the next super power. Democracies are also known to enjoy a built in advantage when it comes to the struggle for global mastery. On a head to head analysis between China and the already stable economies such as the UK and US, one can note that at the time when the latter enjoyed a smooth economic growth, they were experiencing or were having great democracies. A

Advantages and Disadvantages of ESL Course Books Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of ESL Course Books Essay The use of course books in the ESL classroom is very common because the course books have the advantages of being visually appealing, easy for the teacher to prepare, and the activities fits well into the timetable. However, from the researcher’s own teaching experience, there are several problems and issues with the course books such as uninteresting topics, repetitive activities, and not enough language exposure. This in terms may affect the student’s learning attitude and motivation. Overall, using course books has its share of benefits and advantages such as having a well organized content with a consistency in the topics and genres for the four skill area (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). Teachers who adopt a course book may also find it easier to teach since most of the preparation, including the types of activities, audios and in some cases, achievement tests, are already done by the publisher. This would be a great help to those inexperienced teachers who are just getting started into teaching. However, nothing in the world is perfect and teachers need to somehow solve the issues and problems that may come with ESL course books. These issues and problems may include finding ways to motivate students and teaching students academic skills not found in the course books. In this sense, the teacher’s job is not as easy as it seems. Many hours of planning and developing other activities are still required, but these planning and development will benefit both the student and the teacher by making the classroom activities more fun, more interesting, and result in more learning.

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay According to investopedia, government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition. Typical methods of protectionism are import tariffs, quotas, subsidies or tax cuts to local businesses and direct state intervention. Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies (source: Wikipedia). Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on imports of foreign competitors. (source: Britannica Encyclopedia) PROTECTION OF LOCAL INDUSTRIES Why do nations impede free trade when the inhibition is irrational? One reason why governments interfere with free marketing is to protect local industries, often at the expense of local consumers as well as consumers worldwide. Regulations are created to keep out or hamper the entry of foreign-made products. Arguments for the protection of local industries usually take one of the following forms: Keeping money at home Reducing unemployment Equalizing cost and price Enhancing national security Protecting infant industry Keeping Money at Home Trade unions and protectionists often argue that international trade will lead to an outflow of money, making foreigners richer and local people poorer. This argument is based on fallacy of regarding money as the sole indicators of wealth. Other assets, even products, can also be indicators of wealth. Also, this protectionist argument assumes that foreigners receive money without having to give something of value in return. Whether local consumers buy locally made products or foreign products, they will have to spend money to pay for such products. Reducing Unemployment It is a standard practice for trade unions and politicians to attack imports and international trade in name of job protection. The argument is based on the assumption that import reduction will create more demand for local products and subsequently create more jobs. Equalizing Cost and Price Some protectionists attempt to justify their actions by invoking economic theory. They argue that foreign goods have lower prices because of lower production costs. Therefore, trade barriers are needed to make prices of imported products less competitive and local items more competitive. Enhancing National Security Protectionists often present themselves as patriots. They usually claim that a nation should be self-sufficient and even willing to pay for inefficiency in order to enhance national security. Opponents of protectionism however dismiss appeals to national security. A nation can never be completely self-sufficient because raw materials are not found in the same proportion in all areas of the world. Protecting infant industry The necessity to protect an infant industry is perhaps the most credible argument for protectionist measures. Some industries need to be protected until they become viable. Here South Korea serves as a good example. It has performed well by selectively protecting infant industries for export purpose. (Source: adopted from Sak Onkvisit, John J.Shaw, International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy) Reasons for protectionism: (source: adopted from econessays.com) 1. Infant industry argument: small firms need to be protected so as to have time to expand and gain economies of scale so as to be able to compete on an international basis later on. However so far this has happened only in big industries such as the steel industry and it gives a motive for firms to remain lazy because they know they dont have to compete on an international level e.g. steel industry in the USA. 2. Dumping to prevent firms from selling goods at a loss to destroy the domestic industry. By allowing free trade there is guarantee for low prices indefinitely because the moment one firm becomes inefficient more efficient ones will enter the market and take it away. 3. Raise revenue for the government through tariffs. 4. Prevent overspecialization and diseconomies of scale in other words over production in a country due to the need to export goods because this will also lead to misallocation of resources which is what we are trying to prevent by free trade. 5. To remove a balance of payments deficit without however tackling the problem at its root this is inefficiency. Non-economic reason for protectionism: 1. Strategic interests: some industries such as the defense industry are better to be kept domestic. For example a country cant depend on others for it weapons industry because in the case of war it would be left unarmed. 2. Political reasons: lack of willingness to trade due to political differences. For example China and Japan dont trade due to political disputes. 3. Prevention of the import of demerit goods such as tobacco and alcohol. 4. Way of life and maintenance of traditional way of living. 5. Protection against low wage economies: some countries gain comparative advantage by offering lower wages. For example people are imposing trade restrictions on China because it underpays its workers and thus no other economy has the ability to compete with her. Alternative for protectionism: 1. Offering subsidies to producers, which is an unpopular alternative because the money will have to be raised through taxes. 2. Free trade area: free trade between member countries; members charge whatever tariffs they wish towards non-member countries. Examples of these are CAFTA, LAFTA, and NAFTA etc. 3. Customs union: free trade between member countries; members must charge a common external tariff against non-member countries. The EU is the only existing such example. Policies of Protectionism A variety of policies have been claimed to achieve protectionist goals. These include: Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota are similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation: Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs, exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports. International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers good citizenship status despite de facto protectionism. (Source: Protectionist Policies, Wikipedia) SOURCE: International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementationBy Isobel Doole, Robin Lowe Non-tariff barriers to trade  (NTBs) are  trade barriers  that restrict  imports  but are not in the usual form of a  tariff. Some common examples of NTBs are anti-dumping  measures and  countervailing duties, which, although they are called non-tariff barriers, have the effect of tariffs once they are enacted. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff use. Some non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect depletable natural resources. In other forms, they are criticized as a means to evade  free trade  rules such as those of the  World Trade Organization(WTO), the  European Union  (EU), or  North American Free Trade Agreement  (NAFTA) that restrict the use of tariffs. Some of non-tariff barriers are not directly related to foreign economic regulations, but nevertheless they have a significant impact on foreign-economic activity and foreign trade between countries. Trade between countries is referred to trade in goods, services and factors of production. Non-tariff barriers to trade include import quotas, special licenses, unreasonable standards for the quality of goods, bureaucratic delays at customs, export restrictions, limiting the activities of state trading, export subsidies,  countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, rules of origin, etc.  Sometimes in this list they include macroeconomic measures affecting trade. Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Specific Limitations on Trade: Quotas Import  Licensing  requirements Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods (local content requirements) Minimum import price limits Embargoes Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: Valuation systems Antidumping  practices Tariff classifications Documentation requirements Fees Standards: Standard disparities Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards Packaging, labeling, and marking Government Participation in Trade: Government procurement policies Export subsidies Countervailing duties Domestic assistance programs Charges on imports: Prior import deposit subsidies Administrative fees Special supplementary duties Import credit discriminations Variable levies Border taxes Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Non-tariff barriers to trade can be: Import bans General or product-specific quotas Rules of Origin Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries Sanitary and phyto-sanitary conditions Packaging conditions Labeling conditions Product standards Complex regulatory environment Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment(firm, company) by the importing country. Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Authenticity Occupational safety and health  regulation Employment law Import licenses State  subsidies, procurement, trading,  state ownership Export subsidies Fixation of a minimum import price Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange market  controls and multiplicity Inadequate  infrastructure Buy national policy Over-valued currency Intellectual property  laws (patents,  copyrights) Restrictive licenses Seasonal import regimes Corrupt and/or lengthy customs procedures Types of Non-Tariff Barriers There are several different variants of division of non-tariff barriers. Some scholars divide between internal taxes, administrative barriers, health and sanitary regulations and government procurement policies. Others divide non-tariff barriers into more categories such as specific limitations on trade, customs and administrative entry procedures, standards, government participation in trade, charges on import, and other categories. We choose traditional classification of non-tariff barriers, according to which they are divided into 3 principal categories. The first category includes methods to directly import restrictions for protection of certain sectors of national industries: licensing and allocation of import quotas, antidumping and countervailing duties, import deposits, so-called voluntary export restraints, countervailing duties, the system of minimum import prices, etc. Under second category follow methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy, whose actions, however, restrict trade, for example: customs procedures, technical standards and norms, sanitary and veterinary standards, requirements for labeling and packaging, bottling, etc. The third category consists of methods that are not directly aimed at restricting the import or promoting the export, but the effects of which often lead to this result. The non-tariff barriers can include wide variety of restrictions to trade. Here are some example of the popular NTBs. Licenses The most common instruments of direct regulation of imports (and sometimes export) are licenses and quotas. Almost all industrialized countries apply these non-tariff methods. The license system requires that a state (through specially authorized office) issues permits for foreign trade transactions of import and export commodities included in the lists of licensed merchandises. Product licensing can take many forms and procedures. The main types of licenses are general license that permits unrestricted importation or exportation of goods included in the lists for a certain period of time; and one-time license for a certain product importer (exporter) to import (or export). One-time license indicates a quantity of goods, its cost, its country of origin (or destination), and in some cases also customs point through which import (or export) of goods should be carried out. The use of licensing systems as an instrument for foreign trade regulation is based on a number of international le vel standards agreements. In particular, these agreements include some provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, concluded under the GATT (GATT). Quotas Licensing of foreign trade is closely related to quantitative restrictions quotas on imports and exports of certain goods. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time. This category includes global quotas in respect to specific countries, seasonal quotas, and so-called voluntary export restraints. Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions carried out through one-time license. Quantitative restriction on imports and exports is a direct administrative form of government regulation of foreign trade. Licenses and quotas limit the independence of enterprises with a regard to entering foreign markets, narrowing the range of countries, which may be entered into transaction for certain commodities, regulate the number and range of goods permitted for import and export. However, the system of licensing and quota imports and exports, establishing firm control over foreign trade in certain goods, in many cases turns out to be more flexible and effective than economic instruments of foreign trade regulation. This can be explained by the fact, that licensing and quota systems are an important instrument of trade regulation of the vast majority of the world. Agreement on a voluntary export restraint In the past decade, a widespread practice of concluding agreements on the voluntary export restrictions and the establishment of import minimum prices imposed by leading Western nations upon weaker in economical or political sense exporters. The specifics of these types of restrictions is the establishment of unconventional techniques when the trade barriers of importing country, are introduced at the border of the exporting and not importing country. Thus, the agreement on voluntary export restraints is imposed on the exporter under the threat of sanctions to limit the export of certain goods in the importing country. Similarly, the establishment of minimum import prices should be strictly observed by the exporting firms in contracts with the importers of the country that has set such prices. In the case of reduction of export prices below the minimum level, the importing country imposes anti-dumping duty which could lead to withdrawal from the market. Voluntary export agreements af fect trade in textiles, footwear, dairy products, consumer electronics, cars, machine tools, etc. Problems arise when the quotas are distributed between countries, because it is necessary to ensure that products from one country are not diverted in violation of quotas set out in second country. Import quotas are not necessarily designed to protect domestic producers. For example, Japan, maintains quotas on many agricultural products it does not produce. Quotas on imports is a leverage when negotiating the sales of Japanese exports, as well as avoiding excessive dependence on any other country in respect of necessary food, supplies of which may decrease in case of bad weather or political conditions. Export quotas can be set in order to provide domestic consumers with sufficient stocks of goods at low prices, to prevent the depletion of natural resources, as well as to increase export prices by restricting supply to foreign markets. Such restrictions (through agreements on various types of goods) allow producing countries to use quotas for such commodities as coffee and oil; as the result, prices for these products increased in importing countries. Embargo Embargo is a specific type of quotas prohibiting the trade. As well as quotas, embargoes may be imposed on imports or exports of particular goods, regardless of destination, in respect of certain goods supplied to specific countries, or in respect of all goods shipped to certain countries. Although the embargo is usually introduced for political purposes, the consequences, in essence, could be economic. Standards Standards take a special place among non-tariff barriers. Countries usually impose standards on classification, labeling and testing of products in order to be able to sell domestic products, but also to block sales of products of foreign manufacture. These standards are sometimes entered under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of local populations. Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance Among the methods of non-tariff regulation should be mentioned administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventory. Import deposits Another example of foreign trade regulations is import deposits. Import deposits is a form of deposit, which the importer must pay the bank for a definite period of time (non-interest bearing deposit) in an amount equal to all or part of the cost of imported goods. At the national level, administrative regulation of capital movements is carried out mainly within a framework of bilateral agreements, which include a clear definition of the legal regime, the procedure for the admission of investments and investors. It is determined by mode (fair and equitable, national, most-favored-nation), order of nationalization and compensation, transfer profits and capital repatriation and dispute resolution. Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign  exchange controls Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls occupy a special place among the non-tariff regulatory instruments of foreign economic activity. Foreign exchange restrictions constitute the regulation of transactions of residents and nonresidents with currency and other currency values. Also an important part of the mechanism of control of foreign economic activity is the establishment of the national currency against foreign currencies. The transition from tariffs to non-tariff barriers One of the reasons why industrialized countries have moved from tariffs to NTBs is the fact that developed countries have sources of income other than tariffs. Historically, in the formation of nation-states, governments had to get funding. They received it through the introduction of tariffs. This explains the fact that most developing countries still rely on tariffs as a way to finance their spending. Developed countries can afford not to depend on tariffs, at the same time developing NTBs as a possible way of international trade regulation. The second reason for the transition to NTBs is that these tariffs can be used to support weak industries or compensation of industries, which have been affected negatively by the reduction of tariffs. The third reason for the popularity of NTBs is the ability of interest groups to influence the process in the absence of opportunities to obtain government support for the tariffs. Non-tariff barriers today With the exception of export subsidies and quotas, NTBs are most similar to the tariffs. Tariffs for goods production were reduced during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After lowering of tariffs, the principle of protectionism demanded the introduction of new NTBs such as technical barriers to trade (TBT). According to statements made at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2005), the use of NTBs, based on the amount and control of price levels has decreased significantly from 45% in 1994 to 15% in 2004, while use of other NTBs increased from 55% in 1994 to 85% in 2004. Increasing consumer demand for safe and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT. Many NTBs are governed by WTO agreements, which originated in the Uruguay Round (the TBT Agreement, SPS Measures Agreement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing), as well as GATT articles. NTBs in the field of services have become as important as in the field of usual trade. Most of the NTB can be defined as protectionist measures, unless they are related to difficulties in the market, such as externalities and information asymmetries information asymmetries between consumers and producers of goods. An example of this is safety standards and labeling requirements. The need to protect sensitive to import industries, as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTB, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTBs can be referred as a new of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection. CASE 1: A case for good protectionism Bharat Jhunjhunwala (source: The Hindu Business Line) THE defeat of the NDA Government and the victory of the Congress (I) supported by the Left is one more symptom of the growing worldwide backlash against globalization. White- collar workers in industrial countries are losing their jobs to the cheap labor of India and China. Services, such as research, are now being outsourced because scientists in the developing countries are cheaper. On the other hand, workers in the developing countries are finding that their wages are stagnant while inequality is rising. The belief was that free trade leads to efficient production and also forces domestic government to reduce corruption. This provides relief to the people. Else businessmen would have to pay money to local thugs and politicians to avoid trouble. Government officers would have to be bribed to run normal business. For instance, a boiler inspector can shut down a plant for 15 days on frivolous grounds. The money paid to politicians and officers by the businessman adds to the cost of production and raises the cost of his produce say, cloth to Rs 25 a metre instead of Rs 20. The cost of production of similar cloth in other countries having good governance, however, remains low because they do not have to bribe politicians and officers. The cost of other inputs, such as cotton, machines and chemicals, remains the same in all countries because of free trade. Cloth produced in another country can conquer Indian markets if the cost of production in that clean country is Rs 20 and is Rs 25 in corrupt India. Textile mills in India will have to down shutters. Ultimately, politicians will have to reduce the money they extract from the businessmen failing which they will be killing the goose that lays golden eggs. The same applies to inefficient businessmen. Globalization will force the Indian businessman to install latest looms in order to survive. This will provide good and cheap cloth to the Indian people. Globalization, indeed, begets clean governance and efficient production. The difficulty, however, is that free trade also works in the Labor market. Say, India and another country both have clean governments and the cost of production of cloth in both countries is Rs 20 a metre. The wage rate in the other country is Rs 80 per day. The Indian businessman will not be able to pay more than this rate to his workers as otherwise his cost of production will increase and he will be priced out of the market. The country paying lowest wages wins in free trade. Free trade leads to equalization of wages rates to their global lowest levels. This decline in wages nullifies the benefits from good governance and efficient production. No wonder workers in the industrial countries are opposing free trade and outsourcing. Software programmers are finding their wage rate declining as technology makes it possible to transfer huge amounts of data at the click of the mouse. The wage rates in most developing countries are also stagnant. Workers in East Asian countries are seeing their wage rates decline due to competition from the less paid Chinese workers. Free trade works as a two-edged sword. On the one hand, it leads to clean governance and efficient production but on the other it leads to lowering of wage rates to their global minimum. What is the solution to this problem? How can the benefits of free trade be secured while creating higher wages for the workers? Protectionism enables domestic prices to remain higher than the global prices. Such higher prices can be used to support corruption, inefficient production or higher wages. The solution comes from using protection not for corruption or inefficient production but for higher wages. Suppose India were to impose an additional tax of Rs 5 per metre on cloth imports. The price of cloth in the Indian market would become Rs 25 instead of Rs 20 earlier. This margin can be taken away by corrupt politicians and officers, or used to maintain inefficient production in obsolete mills, or to raise wages of the workers. The ability lies in avoiding the first two uses and promoting the third. If the government establishes, say, a system to trap corrupt politicians and officers, promotes domestic competition to avoid inefficient production, and implements policies that lead to higher wages, then this protectionism becomes pro-people. Free trade is necessarily anti-people because it leads to low wages even if it provides good governance and efficient production. Protectionism can possibly be pro-people if applied correctly. What about exports, though? It is possible to prevent cheap imports by imposing tariffs. But how will exports be made if the domestic wage rates are high? The solution is to use the receipts from import taxes to provide export subsidies to Labor-intensive products. The higher cost due to high wages can be neutralised by the subsidies. It is clear that free trade will not lead to the welfare of the people anywhere in the world. Protectionism makes it possible to secure peoples welfare but only if applied correctly. But bad protectionism that supports corruption is worse than free trade. The challenge is to embrace good protectionism. CASE 2 FREE TRADE OR PROTECTIONISM? The Case Against Trade Restrictions by Vincent H. Miller James R. Elwood (source: isil.org) The Lure of Protectionism   The argument for so-called protectionism (called fair trade by some) may at first sound appealing. Supporters of protectionist laws claim that keeping out foreign goods will save jobs, giving ailing domestic industries a chance to recover and prosper, and reduce the trade deficits. Are these claims valid? Protectionism: What It Costs   Classical Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill astutely observed in the last century that Trade barriers are chiefly injurious to the countries imposing them. It is true today as it was then, for the following reasons: LOST JOBS: Protectionist laws raise taxes (tariffs) on imported goods and/or impose limits (quotas) on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods, but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under protectionism you end up poorer, with less money for buying other things you want

Comparing and contrasting Not My Best Side and Warning Not my Best and

Comparing and contrasting Not My Best Side and Warning Not my Best and Warning are about stereotypes and how these poems go against that. In not my best side the stereotype is that the three characters are meant to go with their roles, good the knight... Comparing and contrasting Not My Best Side and Warning Not my Best and Warning are about stereotypes and how these poems go against that. In not my best side the stereotype is that the three characters are meant to go with their roles, good the knight, bad the dragon and helpless the princess but don’t. In Warning the old woman is going to go against society by wearing clothes, which do not go, and buying items, which are useless. Not my best side is about Uccellos painting of St George and the Dragon the poet tried to put words to the people in it. The narrative of this poem is it goes through all the people in the poem starting with the dragon then the princess then the knight. First the Dragon says how the artist did not let him pose properly and how he could not draw anything apart from triangles as if he were mocking the artist. Then he starts to mock his conqueror and his horse by saying it has a deformed neck and square hoofs. Then starts to insult his victim by Saying she is â€Å"Unattractive as to be inedible† which means he would never eat something that ugly. After that he is a bit sarcastic by saying â€Å"I would have liked more blood to show they where taking me seriously† this means that he would have took more damage than that do kill him. The princess is saying she is not sure if she wants to be rescued. She had grown to like the dragon and even found him sexy. She says â€Å"He was so nicely physical, with his claws and lovely green skin, a... ...to be old and the poet is warning people that this is going to happen, so you better get used to it. It’s also about what society expects her. The form of the two poems is they have no rhyme scene and no metre. This is because the two poems are going against society so they are emphasising this. The question you should ask is do I want what society expects? Most of the time the answer will be yes but these poems have gone against that. Not my best side and warning are in 1st person talking about him or her. Also warning has varying line length, irregular, unstructured and varying line length. It has all these thing because again it is going against society. Not my best side and Warning both are about stereotypes and facing reality of life that everyone will grow old, or the reality of facing life alone. They all try and help prevent this from happening.

Civilization in Brave New World :: Brave New World

Civilization in Brave New World      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dictionary defines civilized as "advanced in social customs, art, and science".   The keyword here is social customs.   A persons idea of what is civilized is relative to his culture.   Through out the history of man, one can see many changes in customs, and customs is what defines our idea of what is civilized.   The word civilized is one of the most relative concepts.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time and distance are what have shaped our customs for thousands of years.   If we look back throughout history we can see many customs that may seem odd, or even barbaric, to us but were everyday events to these ancient people.   For example, the Aztec conducted sacrifices, to their Gods, in which they torn out their victims heart with a knife, and their priests and warriors proceeded to eat the victims flesh.   Yet, the Aztec were considered to be one of the most civilized group of Indians in the western hemisphere. The Anasazi, commonly called cave-dwellers, who from birth, used wood and bindings to elongate the head.   Even today in Japan, tradition says that women are supposed to walk ten feet behind their husbands.   This may seem like demeaning women to us but who are we to judge when the United States has had a long history of racial and ethnic discrimination and only now are we changing.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The society in Brave New World has not lost their values but has simple changed their idea of what is right and wrong.   After all, how much have we changed in the past 600 years.   Six-hundred years ago in England, we killed people for conducting scientific experiments and believed this was against the teachings of the church.   The society in Brave New World is a mirror to our own when we view the past.   If a person from the present were to see the sacrifices and eating of the human flesh by the Aztec Indians, that person would see it as barbaric in contrast to his own culture.   Isn't it true that what we view as barbaric or uncivilized is always in comparison to own.   Doesn't it stand to reason that in a society without families, they would view monogamy as uncivilized?   This society has been shaped by hundreds of years and will continue to change in the years to come.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the civilized behaviors for the society of Brave New World are very different from our own.   The main concern was to keep everyone happy. Two efforts to do this were to teach them to be selfish and take soma.   The

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Elective classes such as art, music, gym, and auto mechanics are an important part of a students schedule during school. They give the children an opportunity to express themselves and their uniqueness, gives them a chance to interact and be sociable, and gives them experience for possible future careers. Reasons such as these are why we should not eliminate these subjects from schools. Uniqueness is a primary concern. Different varieties of art and music classes are offered as electives in school systems today. My school offers digital art, commercial art, and AD and AD drawing classes.Students can also participate in different music classes such as chorus, jazz band, and symphonic band. These classes give students the opportunity to express themselves through something they enjoy doing in many different ways. The electives are designed to specifically cater to a certain individual and what their skills are. Although electives do cost a significant amount of money and have a lot of needs that must be met, they greatly benefit the students and should not be removed from the school systems. In Dalton to uniqueness, social skills are also a factor.Elective classes such as gym are not as serious and strict as other core classes' students sit in all day. It allows children to get up, move around, and socialize. In the novel â€Å"Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie†, the protagonist has one class out of the six with his friend and that one class is what he looks forward to every day. It was the only class he had a chance to socialize and be outgoing in. The electives give students a mental break from the rigorous classes they participate in and lets them be kids. Classes like these are essential for a child's social skills and mental health.With social skills In mind, experience Is also an Issue. Many electives that are offered are Intended to prepare students for a future career Involving that elective. My school offers early childhood development classes and busin ess technology classes that prep you for a job in those fields. You take multitudes of tests and complete a variety of projects to become certified in that field. For example, if you take all three years of the early childhood elective classes you will have the requirements that are needed to be a preschool teacher.These electives will end up avian the student time and money and giving them a head start once they go to college to train for their careers. In the novel â€Å"Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie† the main character takes Journalism for an elective unintentionally and ends up being one of the best Journalists at the school and really enjoys himself. Elective classes that are offered In the school systems may do the same for the students that are enrolled there. It Is a vital part of a students every day school life that should not be eliminated. That although eliminating elective classes would save money, it should not be done.

French and Indian War Essay

Many people came to the colonies looking for freedom to practice their beliefs unhindered, start a new life, or make economic gain. Both England and Great Britain wanted the land in the new world so they fought The Seven Years’ War, or the French and Indian War. During the war, Britain allowed the colonies to function mostly independently in a practice called salutary neglect. When the war was over, Great Britain tried to assume tighter control of the colonies. However, a long period of salutary neglect had changed the colonists’ thinking and way of life. After the war, the colonies wanted to govern themselves, wanted to keep their economy from being drained and restricted, and wanted their rights just as English citizens back in the homeland. After the war, the colonies wanted to continue in the political system they enjoyed during the period of salutary neglect. During the war, the colonies stayed close with their mother country as they fought the French and the Indians but mainly governed themselves. The colonists were more than willing to serve in the war with the British regulars. As the war progressed, the colonists realized they were not treated with the same respect as British regulars (Doc C). They began to resent the British regulars but continued fighting because the threat of the French still loomed over them. After the war was over, the hand of the British government began squeezing the money out of their economy with tax laws in which they had no say (Doc H). The colonists were not necessarily angry about the taxes but instead what it meant for their political freedoms. They were most outraged by the lack of representation in a Parliament that saw them solely as a source of revenue (Doc F). Parliament was irritated that the colonies were not making them enough revenue to pay the war debt and tried to regulate the economy by seizing control of the various colonial governments. The colonies were also forbidden to settle past the Appalachian Mountains, a vast amount of land they had won in the war (Doc A). The colonies no longer needed protection from the French and wanted to govern themselves apart from the overbearing mother country.